Keywords:

Keywords:

Alexander’s conquest of Egypt, in 332 BC, was considered a transitional phase between the Pharaonic era and the Ptolemaic era, which was established in Egypt by Ptolemy I. One of the economic changes that began during the reign of Alexander the Great was the coinage, which were not known before.
It is noted that the coins that were minted in the era of Alexander were not mere monetary for internal circulation only, but they had political and propaganda implications represented in some symbols and elements that were depicted on coins. These symbols varied between classical and Egyptian motifs. In the first stage of minting money for Alexander, which undoubtedly for the propaganda purpose, there was a predominance of the classical motifs In later stages, the coin began to be characterized by a mixture of classical and Egyptian elements
This paper aims to discuss these classical and Egyptian motifs on Ptolemaic coinage, as well as the impact of these monetary on the local and foreign politics in Egypt, and how could the Ptolemaic kings, especially Ptolemy I, were able to use the minting money to consolidate their rule over Egypt.

Keywords: Alexander the Great, Coinage, Ptolemaic, Ptolemy I.

Abstract:
This study explores the movement of Ibrahim Ibn Al-Mahdi 202 AH/ 817 AD, which is a political opposition movement against the Abbasid State in Iraq at the reign of Khalifa Al-Maʾmūn (218 AH/ 813-833 AD). The political objectives characterized the opposition movements at the time of Caliph Al Ma'mun, because of the deteriorating political conditions in the Abbasid State, particularly in Baghdad, which was the Capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. The Movement of Ibrahim bin Al-Mahdi, which took place in 202 AH/817 AH, was a major movement that had a considerable impact on Caliph Al-Maʾmūn. This movement was a reaction of the Abbasid House against some decisions made by Caliph Al-Maʾmūn during his Caliphate.

This study traced the Movement of Ibrahim Ibn Al-Mahdi from its beginnings, and highlighted the reasons for its rise. It also explored how Caliph Al-Maʾmūn dealt with this movement until he managed to suppress it.

Keywords: Keywords: Baghdad, Khorasan, Marw, Al Mutawwaa, Al Basrah, Mob

Abstract

The current study examines the roles of the Al-Mu’addilūn within the Judicial Council in Oman during the period 132-280 AH/749-893 AD. Al-Mu’addilūn are defined as the persons who recommend the witnesses, i.e.: Investigating their fairness in presenting the evidence before the judge. The study consists of an introduction, a conclusion, and three main sections. The first section addresses the political situation in Oman during the period 132-280 AH / 749-893 AD, which corresponds to the timeframe explored in this study. The second section is dedicated to discussing the role of judges' assistants within the Judicial Council, as documented by Omani sources. The third section examines Al-Mu’addilūn and their roles in the Judicial Council in Oman. This part of the study illuminates the definition of justices, the criteria for their appointment and dismissal, and the process for issuing recommendation certificates. It also explores Al-Mu’addilūn responsibilities within the Judicial Council in Oman, including examples of issuing recommendation certificates, the amendments made by witnesses, and specifically, the modifications related to women's testimonies concerning issues pertinent to women. The conclusion discussed the most important results.
keywords: Al-Mu’addilūn, Recommendation of Witnesses, Judicial Council, Imamate, Oman.

Keywords: keywords: Al-Mu’addilūn, Recommendation of Witnesses, Judicial Council, Imamate, Oman.

Objectives: This research aims to clarify the challenges facing the Arabic language and the future of identity in the age of globalization, with a focus on possible ways to preserve both.
Methods: The research adopted a descriptive-analytical approach to study the impact of globalization on the Arabic language and the future of national identity.
Results: The research concluded that globalization, in its political, economic, cultural, social, and value-related aspects, has negatively impacted the Arabic language and the future of national identity.
Conclusions: Studying the impact of globalization on the Arabic language and the future of identity helps in understanding the challenges facing the Arabic language amidst global cultural and economic changes. It also contributes to identifying how to preserve the Arabic language as a core part of national identity and highlights the policies and efforts necessary to promote the use of Arabic in various fields, thus strengthening the resilience of Arab identity against attempts at erosion or marginalization in the face of globalization.

Keywords: Arabic Language, Globalization, Globalization Challenges, Identity, ways to confront